What is Autism?
An Introduction to Autism
Autism, also known as Autism Spectrum Disorder or Condition, is a life-long neurotype and disability. The spectrum itself is diverse, and there is also diversity in how people talk about autism. Here, we’ll predominantly say ‘autism’ to talk about the state of being autistic and ‘autistic people’ to talk about people who are autistic. When we say that autism is a disability, we are acknowledging both the societal impacts of being autistic and the internal experience of autistic people.
Understanding autism can feel like a massive undertaking. Ultimately, we want to help you understand your child and how being autistic impacts their life.
According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), autism is defined by two main categories of symptoms:
Persistent challenges in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts. This can manifest in difficulties with:
Understanding and using verbal and non-verbal communication.
Developing and maintaining relationships appropriate to the developmental level of the individual.
Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities, which may include:
Stereotyped or repetitive motor movements, use of objects, or speech (e.g., echolalia).
Insistence on sameness and rigid adherence to routines.
Highly restricted interests that are abnormal in intensity or focus.
To be diagnosed with autism, these symptoms must be present from early developmental periods, although they may not fully manifest until social demands exceed the individual's capacity. (This is where we see “late diagnosis” and what you might have experienced as a parent.) Additionally, these symptoms must cause significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
The National Autistic Society (NAS) further emphasizes that autism is a spectrum condition, meaning it affects individuals differently and to varying degrees. Some autistic individuals may require substantial support in their daily lives, while others may lead relatively independent lives. The NAS states, and we wholeheartedly agree, "Each autistic person is unique, with their own strengths and challenges. This is why understanding autism as a spectrum is so important."
Key Characteristics of Autism
Social Communication Differences: Autistic individuals often experience challenges in understanding social cues and engaging in reciprocal conversations. This may include difficulties in making eye contact, interpreting facial expressions, and understanding tone of voice. These challenges can lead to misunderstandings in social situations and may affect relationships with peers and family members.
Repetitive Behaviors and Interests: Many autistic individuals engage in repetitive movements or have intense interests in specific topics. This can include actions such as hand-flapping, spinning, or lining up objects. These behaviors can provide comfort and serve as a coping mechanism in overwhelming situations.
Sensory Sensitivities: Many autistic individuals have unique sensory processing experiences. They may be hypersensitive or hyposensitive to sensory stimuli, which can manifest as discomfort with loud noises, bright lights, or certain textures. Understanding these sensory differences is crucial for creating supportive environments.
Lived Experiences of Autism
Academic and medical explanations of autism are important, but understanding what autism is like for autistic people requires investing in lived experience narratives.
We’re huge fans of writer and advocate Tiffany L Hammond, of Fidgets and Fries, who shares what it’s really like to be an autistic mother to autistic children with higher support needs, one of whom uses spelling-to-communicate. She has a fantastic book out called A Day With No Words.
In summary, autism is a complex and multifaceted neurodevelopmental condition. Recognizing it as a spectrum allows for a more nuanced understanding of the diverse experiences of autistic individuals. By embracing this perspective, parents can better advocate for their children and support them in navigating their unique neurotype.
Autism Champions provides AP & EOTAS Coordination as well as private work for autistic children and their families.